Our Approach
More personalized immunotherapies
LJI Professor Stephen Schoenberger, Ph.D., is working to advance new and more effective personalized immunotherapies. These therapies focus on antigens expressed in a given individual’s tumor and harness the ability of their own immune system to respond.
Fueling data sharing and analysis
LJI scientists are also developing invaluable new cancer research tools. One important tool is CEDAR, a new cancer research database developed at LJI. This database is the go-to site for researchers around the world to access data on cancer epitopes, the regions on cancer cells that can be targeted by the immune system. By sharing epitope data, researchers can develop new immunotherapies to target many cancer sites. CEDAR is directed by LJI Professors Alessandro Sette, Dr.Biol.Sci., and Bjoern Peters, Ph.D., and builds upon their experience organizing infectious disease data in a similar database called the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB).
Studying cancer origins
Researchers in the laboratory of LJI Associate Professor Ferhat Ay, Ph.D., are investigating the very roots of pediatric blood cancers. LJI Instructor Abhijit Chakraborty, Ph.D., is working to understand how a healthy cell morphs into a cancer cell. He’s shown how a “shattering” of the chromosome, an event called chromothripsis, drives cancer development. Dr. Chakraborty has won funding to study pediatric iAMP21, a rare subtype of B cell leukemia with chromothripsis that leads to aggressive cancer with a high relapse rate.
LJI Assistant Professor Samuel Myers, Ph.D., is working closely with scientists at Yale University to shed light on mutations in a specific protein that appears to drive intellectual disabilities and potentially the development of certain brain cancers. Dr. Myers’ expertise in proteomics can give us important clues to why seemingly healthy cells go rogue and cause cancer.
Boosting immune cell defenses
LJI Professors Anjana Rao, Ph.D., and Patrick Hogan, Ph.D., are dedicated to studying a dangerous phenomenon called T cell exhaustion, where T cells stop doing their jobs after trying and failing to kill a tumor. The research team has developed methods to engineer T cells resistant to T cell exhaustion. “The idea is to give the cells a little bit of armor against the exhaustion program,” says LJI Professor Patrick Hogan, Ph.D. “The cells can go into the tumor to do their job, and then they can stick around as memory cells to prevent cancer recurrence.
LJI Professor Sonia Sharma, Ph.D., is changing how we think of the innate immune system’s role in cancer protection. The cells of the innate immune system are the body’s first line of defense, and they can also produce molecules that may affect a patient’s response to cancer immunotherapies. Sharma has worked to uncover the function of small molecules called metabolites. Metabolites do a lot in the body by regulating cellular energetics, but some also work as signaling molecules that “talk” to immune cells.
Sharma’s laboratory has found that cancer patients who experience severe side effects during cancer immunotherapy have unusually low levels of a metabolite called LPC. Without LPC, cancer patients develop autoimmune-like conditions after receiving immune checkpoint blockers —some side effects are so bad that they have to stop taking these life-saving treatments. Her experiments, using a humanized mouse model treated with the immune checkpoint blocker Yervoy, suggest researchers may be able to add LPC back into the body to make cancer immunotherapies work better. Sharma is now working on bringing this concept to the clinic.
LJI Professor Michael Croft, Ph.D., studies how small signaling molecules or cytokines collectively called tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) proteins and their receptors (TNFRSF), which are expressed on T cells, boost the immune system response in paradoxical settings. Drugs that block TNFSF or TNFRSF proteins are being used successfully in the clinic to suppress immune responses to treat multiple autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Croft’s lab is investigating the other side of that coin: namely whether TNFRSF modulators can enhance T cell responses in the context of cancer.
LJI Professor Hilde Cheroutre, Ph.D., is also searching for ways to rally anti-tumor T cell responses. Working with researchers at Japan’s RIKEN Institute, she has identified a molecular switch that allows so-called T-helper cells to morph into more aggressive killer T cells capable of attacking either tumors or infected cells. These findings could encourage development of potent drugs targeting cancer, AIDS or other infectious diseases.
A closer look at toxic side effects
In the lab of LJI Professor Pandurangan Vijayanand, M.D., Ph.D., scientists are investigating why cancer immunotherapies only help a fraction of patients. In early 2022, long-time collaborator and Christian H. Ottensmeier, M.D., Ph.D., FRCP, of LJI and the University of Liverpool, shared the results of their investigation into why an experimental immunotherapy triggered harmful gut inflammation in clinical trial subjects. Their work showed that the immunotherapy allowed a harmful subtype of T cells to move unchecked in the gut. With this knowledge, Vijayanand and Ottensmeier experimented with using a smaller, slower dosing strategy in a mouse model. Their work suggests tweaking the timing of cancer immunotherapies may spare patients from some side effects.
The Vijayanand Lab is also taking a close look at the immune system reacts when patients are given two kinds of immunotherapy at once: anti-PD-1 therapies and CTLA4 therapies. A 2021 study from the team shows how this strategy may make things worse for some patients. The lab has shown that anti-PD-1 therapies lead to more T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells in tumors. In a healthy person, Tfr cells do the important job of stopping haywire T cells and autoantibodies from attacking the body’s own tissues. But in a cancer patient, Tfr cells suppress the body’s ability to kill cancer cells. This means anti-PD-1 therapies may cancel out the benefits of CTLA4 therapies.
The researchers think it may be more effective to first use CTLA4 therapy to deplete the Tfr population and then give patients anti-PD-1 therapy to further boost the immune system’s cancer-fighting power. Preliminary data suggest this sequential therapy approach can improve survival outcomes in melanoma patients. Vijayanand and study co-leader Christian H. Ottensmeier, M.D., Ph.D., FRCP, a professor at the University of Liverpool and adjunct professor at LJI, are now working to set up new clinical trials to test this sequential approach, and they are collaborating with Cancer Research UK to develop therapeutics that target Tfr cells.
Cancer vaccines
Schoenberger is also is implementing an immunotherapy strategy that deploys a patient’s own T cells against tumor cells, leaving normal tissues relatively unscathed. The approach is based on the fact that tumor cells exhibit unique mutated proteins on their surface. Schoenberger, partnering with colleagues at UC San Diego, will employ next-generation DNA sequencing to first identify those “neoantigens” in tumors from patients with head and neck cancer and then isolate pools of patients’ T cells that recognize them. Patients will then be reinfused with their own selected T cells in order to kill cells decorated with the neoantigen. An alternate approach is to create a therapeutic vaccine to stimulate a patient’s immune system to clear cells bearing the marker.
Learn more:
About the LJI Center for Cancer Immunotherapies
Download our guide to “Understanding Pediatric Cancer”
From our magazine: Immune cells can detect cancer. Now we can see what they see — and help.
